The United States Of America free essay sample

The USA is one of the largest states in the universe. It is situated in the cardinal portion of the North American continent. The country of the USA is over nine million square kilometers. It is washed by the Pacific Ocean and by the Atlantic Ocean. The most northern portion of the USA is Alaska, the largest province, separated from the remainder of the state by Canada. The population of the United States is about 250 million people, most of the people live in towns. Peoples of different nationalities live in the USA, The official linguistic communication of the state is English. The capital of the state is Washington. It was named in honor of the first President, George Washington. As the USA is a big state, the clime is different in different parts. For illustration, the Pacific seashore is a part of mild winters and warm, dry summers, but the eastern Continental part is watered with rainfall. We will write a custom essay sample on The United States Of America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The part around the Great Lakes has mutable conditions. There are many mountains in the USA. For illustration, the highest extremums of the Cordillera in the USA are 6,193 and 4,418 meters. The chief river of the state is the -Mississippi. But there are many other great rivers in the USA: the Colorado in the South and the Columbia in the north West. There are five Great Lakes between the USA and Canada. The USA produces more than 52 per cent of the universe s maize, wheat, cotton baccy. There are many large metropoliss in the state. They are Washington ( the capital of the state ) , New York ( the metropolis of contrasts, fiscal and concern Centre of the USA ) , Boston ( there are many colleges and universities in it ) , Chicago ( one of the biggest industrial metropoliss in the USA ) , San Francisco, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Detroit ( one of the biggest Centres of the car industry ) . The USA has an Academy of Sciences. There are many scientific establishments, museums, libraries, theaters and other interesting topographic points in the state. The USA is a extremely developed industrial state. The USA is rich in mineral resources, such as aluminum, salt, Zn, Cus, and others. The state is rich in coal, natural gas, gold and Ag, excessively. It holds one of the first topographic points in the universe for the production of coal, Fe, oil, natural gas. Such industries as machine-building, ship-building are extremely developed in the state. American agribusiness produces a batch of nutrient merchandises: grain, fruit, veggies. The USA is a federal democracy, dwelling of 50 provinces. Each of these provinces has its ain authorities. Congress is the American Parliament which consists of two Chambers. The president is the caput of the province and the authorities. He is elected for four old ages.

The Implied Powers of Congress

The Implied Powers of Congress In the United States federal government, the term â€Å"implied powers† applies to those powers exercised by Congress that are not expressly granted to it by the Constitution but are deemed to be â€Å"necessary and proper† in order to effectively execute those constitutionally granted powers. Key Takeaways: Implied Powers of Congress An implied power is a power that Congress exercises despite not being expressly granted it by Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution.Implied powers come from the Constitution’s â€Å"Elastic Clause,† which grants Congress power to pass any laws considered â€Å"necessary and proper† for effectively exercising its â€Å"enumerated† powers.Laws enacted under the implied powers doctrine and justified by the Elastic Clause are often controversial and hotly debated. How can the U.S. Congress pass laws that the U.S. Constitution does not specifically give it the power to pass? Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution grants Congress a very specific set of powers known as â€Å"expressed† or â€Å"enumerated† powers representing the basis of America’s system of federalism - the division and sharing of powers between the central government and the state governments. In a historic example of implied powers, when Congress created the First Bank of the United States in 1791, President George Washington asked Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton to defend the action over the objections of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph. In a classic argument for implied powers, Hamilton explained that the sovereign duties of any government implied that that government reserved the right to use whatever powers necessary to carry out those duties. Hamilton further argued that the â€Å"general welfare† and the â€Å"necessary and proper† clauses of the Constitution gave the document the elasticity sought by its framers. Convinced by Hamilton argument, President Washington signed the banking bill into law. In 1816, Chief Justice John Marshall cited Hamilton’s 1791 argument for implied powers in the Supreme Court’s decision in McCulloch v. Maryland upholding a bill passed by Congress creating the Second Bank of the United States. Marshall argued that Congress had the right to establish the bank, as the Constitution grants to Congress certain implied powers beyond those explicitly stated. The ‘Elastic Clause’ However, Congress draws its often controversial implied power to pass apparently unspecified laws from Article I, Section 8, Clause 18, which grants Congress the power, â€Å"To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.† This so-called â€Å"Necessary and Proper Clause† or â€Å"Elastic Clause† grants Congress powers, while not specifically listed in the Constitution, are assumed to be necessary to implement the 27 powers named in Article I. bauhaus1000 / Getty Images A few examples of how Congress has exercised its wide-ranging implied powers granted by Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 include: Gun Control Laws: In clearly its most controversial use of implied powers, Congress has been passing laws limiting the sale and possession of firearms since 1927. While such laws may seem to be at odds with the Second Amendment ensuring the right to â€Å"keep and bear arms,† Congress has consistently cited its expressed power to regulate interstate commerce granted to it by Article I, Section 8, Clause 3, commonly called the â€Å"Commerce Clause,† as justification for passing gun control laws.Federal Minimum Wage: Another illustration of Congress’ use of its implied power can be seen in its rather loose interpretation of the same Commerce Clause to justify its passage of the first Federal Minimum Wage law in 1938.Income Tax: While Article I gives Congress the broad specific power to â€Å"lay and collect Taxes,† Congress cited its implied powers under the Elastic Clause in passing the Revenue Act of 1861 creating the nation’s first income tax law. The Military Draft: The always controversial, but still legally mandatory military draft law was enacted to implement Congress’ expressed Article I power to â€Å"provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the United States.† Getting Rid of the Penny: In almost every session of Congress, lawmakers consider a bill to do away with the penny, each of which costs taxpayers nearly 2-cents each to make. Should such a â€Å"penny killer† bill ever pass, Congress will have acted under its broader Article I power to â€Å"coin Money†¦Ã¢â‚¬  History of the Implied Powers The concept of implied powers in the Constitution is far from new. The Framers knew that the 27 expressed powers listed in Article I, Section 8 would never be adequate to anticipate all of the unforeseeable situations and issues Congress would need to address through the years. They reasoned that in its intended role as the most dominant and important part of the  government, the legislative branch would need the broadest possible lawmaking powers. As a result, the Framers built the â€Å"Necessary and Proper† clause into the Constitution as a safeguard to ensure Congress the lawmaking leeway it was certain to need. Since the determination of what is and is not â€Å"necessary and proper† is totally subjective, the implied powers of Congress have been controversial since the earliest days of the government. The first official acknowledgment of the existence and validity of the implied powers of Congress came in a landmark decision of the Supreme Court in 1819. McCulloch v. Maryland In the McCulloch v. Maryland case, the Supreme Court was asked to rule on the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress establishing federally-regulated national banks. In the court’s majority opinion, revered Chief Justice John Marshall affirmed the doctrine of â€Å"implied powers† granting Congress powers not expressly listed in Article I of the Constitution, but â€Å"necessary and proper† to carry out those â€Å"enumerated† powers. Specifically, the court found that since the creation of banks was properly related to Congress’ expressly enumerated power to collect taxes, borrow money, and regulate interstate commerce, the bank in question was constitutional under the â€Å"Necessary and Proper Clause.† Or as John Marshall wrote, â€Å"let the ends be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adopted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional.† And Then, There is ‘Stealth Legislation’ If you find the implied powers of Congress interesting, you might also like to learn about so-called â€Å"rider bills,† a completely constitutional method often used by lawmakers to pass unpopular bills opposed by their fellow members.

Caterpillar Currency Issues Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Caterpillar Currency Issues - Case Study Example Shifting currency rates are always a risk to a firm and can lead to the firm incurring many losses. However, by understanding the problem, the business is able to look at the way in which the market can be looked at and come up with solutions (Wihlborg, 2008). In Caterpillar’s case, the firm was able to reverse the adverse effects of a strong dollar by removing these processes, especially production and manufacturing functions to other countries thus neutralizing the transaction risks. This helped the firm to be able to able to overcome the shocks caused by currency exchange rates. This was achieved in two ways as follows; Hedging labour and production costs This can be understood by looking at the actual reason why high dollar values in the 1980s had affected the revenues and profits of Caterpillar. To begin with, since Caterpillar’s manufacturing units were located in the United States only, strong dollar meant that its manufacturing costs would be higher than the man ufacturing costs of its competitors who were outside the United States. As a result, its products would have to be more expensive because when buyers in foreign countries would have to pay more once they converted their lowly valued currencies into American dollars. This meant that Caterpillar’s products could not be competitively priced as compared to those of the competitors. Hedging revenues Manufacturing costs were not the only issue affecting Caterpillar. By taking its manufacturing to other countries, the issues of high dollar value was solved. Not only did the manufacturing costs not get affected by the high US dollar values, but the firms would also be able to source raw materials locally and thus hedge the revenues. According to Delaney and Whittington (2010), this kind of hedging can be important where the firm needs to protect itself from unpredictable currency rates. By manufacturing in foreign countries and sourcing the raw materials in foreign countries, it mean t that the profits margins would be stable because the sales and the profits would be measured by the same foreign currencies. As a result, it can be said that Caterpillar overcomes this issue by localizing its operations in foreign markets rather than having the operations centralised in the US. This, according to Madhuvij (2006) is what is called thinking globally and acting locally. Caterpillar looked at the market from a global perspective because its products have markets in the global arena, but to be effective, the firm had to look at each local market individually. The strategy As identified, Caterpillar used the think global, act local strategy. This is a strategy which is being used by so many global firms which have to contend with so many challenges caused by the very same opportunities caused by a global market. Globalisation has brought opportunities for many forms but has also brought with it challenges which firms must be able to overcome if they are to benefit from the opportunities brought about by globalisation. This is the situation which Caterpillar has found itself in. For firms to be able to benefit from the opportunities brought about by globalization, they have to create strategies which will turn challenges into opportunities. This is what Caterpillar realised and started working towards creating a way to help it overcome its challenges. The validity of the strategy As it is with any business strategy, this strategy may be seen to have both advantages and disadvantages. It is the balance between the advantages and the disadvantages which make a strategy to be either worth it or not. As per the Caterpillar strategy, the main advantage is the fact that distributing its

None Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

None - Assignment Example Apple Inc realized a slight increase in its payments during the fiscal year ended September 28, 2013, compared to the expenses incurred fiscal year 2012. Total value for long-term marketable securities as at September 28, 2013 is $106,215 million, which represents 51.3 per cent of Apple Inc’s total asset value. The company increases investment on the long-term marketable securities in the fiscal year ended September 28, 2013 comparing to the financial year ended September 29, 2012. Long-term marketable securities attract the greatest share of business asset investments; long-term marketable securities represented 51.3 per cent of the total asset value. Apple Inc recorded accumulated net sales of $170,910 million as at September 28, 2013 (Apple Inc. 1). The company records a steady increase in the net sales from the fiscal year ended September 24, 2013. The largest increase in net sales is in the financial year 2011/2012. Accumulated value of Earnings per basic share for Apple Inc fluctuates in every financial year, and there is no forward or downward trend. The largest earning from the Basic shares is in the financial year 2011/2012. Apple Inc recorded the largest operating income in the financial year ended September 29, 2012. The accumulated values of operating income fluctuated with no uniform trend. The value for operating income has inherent relations to the scales of operations. Apple Inc. (AAPL).†Annual Report, Income Statement†. Stock Analysis on Net. Web. 24 Aug. 2014. Accessed from

None Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

None - Assignment Example Apple Inc realized a slight increase in its payments during the fiscal year ended September 28, 2013, compared to the expenses incurred fiscal year 2012. Total value for long-term marketable securities as at September 28, 2013 is $106,215 million, which represents 51.3 per cent of Apple Inc’s total asset value. The company increases investment on the long-term marketable securities in the fiscal year ended September 28, 2013 comparing to the financial year ended September 29, 2012. Long-term marketable securities attract the greatest share of business asset investments; long-term marketable securities represented 51.3 per cent of the total asset value. Apple Inc recorded accumulated net sales of $170,910 million as at September 28, 2013 (Apple Inc. 1). The company records a steady increase in the net sales from the fiscal year ended September 24, 2013. The largest increase in net sales is in the financial year 2011/2012. Accumulated value of Earnings per basic share for Apple Inc fluctuates in every financial year, and there is no forward or downward trend. The largest earning from the Basic shares is in the financial year 2011/2012. Apple Inc recorded the largest operating income in the financial year ended September 29, 2012. The accumulated values of operating income fluctuated with no uniform trend. The value for operating income has inherent relations to the scales of operations. Apple Inc. (AAPL).†Annual Report, Income Statement†. Stock Analysis on Net. Web. 24 Aug. 2014. Accessed from

None Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

None - Assignment Example Apple Inc realized a slight increase in its payments during the fiscal year ended September 28, 2013, compared to the expenses incurred fiscal year 2012. Total value for long-term marketable securities as at September 28, 2013 is $106,215 million, which represents 51.3 per cent of Apple Inc’s total asset value. The company increases investment on the long-term marketable securities in the fiscal year ended September 28, 2013 comparing to the financial year ended September 29, 2012. Long-term marketable securities attract the greatest share of business asset investments; long-term marketable securities represented 51.3 per cent of the total asset value. Apple Inc recorded accumulated net sales of $170,910 million as at September 28, 2013 (Apple Inc. 1). The company records a steady increase in the net sales from the fiscal year ended September 24, 2013. The largest increase in net sales is in the financial year 2011/2012. Accumulated value of Earnings per basic share for Apple Inc fluctuates in every financial year, and there is no forward or downward trend. The largest earning from the Basic shares is in the financial year 2011/2012. Apple Inc recorded the largest operating income in the financial year ended September 29, 2012. The accumulated values of operating income fluctuated with no uniform trend. The value for operating income has inherent relations to the scales of operations. Apple Inc. (AAPL).†Annual Report, Income Statement†. Stock Analysis on Net. Web. 24 Aug. 2014. Accessed from

Racism and ethnicity Essay Example for Free

Racism and ethnicity Essay Joseph Addison once said that, â€Å"If men would consider not so much where they differ, as wherein they agree, there would be far less of uncharitableness and angry feeling in the world. † This holds true to the sentiments I have when it comes to the numerous injustices people incur due to their skin color, ethnicity, and the like. I have seen and witnessed first hand the harm people can cause to one another due to petty differences between them; and I have also often pondered why such acts occur in our world. I used to think that this may be an isolated case; a freak phenomenon that has occurred solely in the confines of my home land. A social phenomenon that has existed in my home land due to the history our people have gone through. Yet, I have seen that such injustices and anger occur in other lands such as the United States of America and knowing of this makes me wonder if racism can be found in all societies regardless of geographic location and history. To get a better understanding of this social phenomenon I have decided to look into the cases of racism I have seen in my home country of Serbia and compare that to those acts I have seen here in America. Before I do proceed, I think it is necessary to take into consideration what racism really is. Many scholars have given various definitions to this phenomenon and the differences in the definitions can be attributed to the fact that the term covers a broad spectrum of implications of race-based bigotry, prejudice, violence, oppression, stereotyping or discrimination. Since it covers such a wide array of topics and takes into account various social issues we can take into account 2 general definitions of racism; the sociological and the legal. Racism is broadly defined as a form of discrimination based on characteristics of race and existing either as individual racism, which originates in the racist beliefs of a single person, or institutional racism, which occurs when racist ideas and practices are embodied in the folkways, mores and norms (Leeder. 2003). On the other hand, sociologists Noel Cazenave and Darlene Alvarez Maddern define racism as â€Å" a highly organized system of race-based group privilege that operates at every level of society and is held together by a sophisticated ideology of color/race supremacy. Racist systems include, but cannot be reduced to, racial bigotry,† (Cazenave and Maddern 1999: 42). Based on these definitions we can see two dominant themes when we speak about racism. The first among the two is the fact that racism takes into account the psyche of an individual. To be more precise, we deal with the construct of beliefs a person or group may hold against others as embodied by the mores and norms they have. The second aspect that we find is the fact that racism is a highly organized group structure as pointed out by Noel Cazenave and Darlene Alvarez Maddern. With regard to the second aspect, we find that racism is a social construct, a privilege of certain groups within a society. Hence, we are led to conclude that the social phenomenon can very well exist in any society. After all, there is no true homogenous society and the fact remain that differences abound between groups. Take the United States of America, though it is a single country the social structure can still clearly delineated between the different races that occupy its geography. As for my home country of Serbia, we also see that racism cuts across groups as I have seen people display acts of racial discrimination on gypsies; a group who since their unexplained appearance in Europe over nine centuries ago, the gypsies have refused to fall in with conventional settled life. They remain a people whose culture and customs are beset with misunderstanding, and who cling to their distinct identity in the teeth of persistent rejection and pressure to conform. This social group has been long been ridiculed and persecuted in Serbia. I have also personally seen people who look like neo-Nazis with their shaved heads launching verbal assaults and beating up gypsies. It is a saddening truth that things like this happen. What’s worse is the fact that gypsies are actually persecuted all around Europe. Other shocking instances of racial acts can also be seen in soccer games in Serbia. An example of this is even cited on a blog/news commentary on the Fox Sports website.